Our research explores these sorts of ecological dynamics using mathematical tools, species record databases and experimental approaches. The model predicted differences in metapopulation dynamics well. Metapopulation and its applications in conservation biology songklanakarin j. Extinction dynamics in experimental metapopulations pnas. Metapopulation dynamics of the mistletoe and its host in. Population ecology lecture 7 metapopulation flashcards. Levins proposed a simple model of metapopulation dynamics, where metapopulation size is defined by the fraction of habitat patches p occupied at any given time t.
Free shipping free global shipping no minimum order. Metapopulation studies have important conceptual links with the equilibrium theory of island biogeography and with studies on the dynamics of species living in patchy environments. In both strictly theoretical and more applied contexts it has been historically assumed that metapopulations exist within a featureless, uninhabitable matrix and that dynamics within the matrix are unimportant. Empirical evidencefor metapopulation dynamics susan harrison andrew d. Metapopulation is a population in which individuals are spatially distributed in a habitat to two or subpopulations. The first is that metapopulation theory allows for smaller patches. Metapopulation ecology ilkka hanski oxford series in ecology and evolution. The model is constructed as a generalized incidence function, which describes how the fraction of occupied habitat patches depends on patch areas and isolations. Ecological modelling 183 2005 411423 a model for behavioral regulation of metapopulation dynamics j. A metapopulation is a group of populations that are separated by space but consist of the same species. Comparing metapopulation dynamics of infectious diseases.
Persistence of the metapopulation dynamics is a result of the balance between local extinction of populations in patches and colonization processes of unoccupied habitats patches. Empirical evidence for metapopulation dynamics sciencedirect. Such theory has proven difficult to test in field systems. To study how parameters c and e affect the population dynamics. This paper describes a novel approach to modelling of metapopulation dynamics. Exercise 16 page 1 of 4 answers to exercise 16 metapopulation dynamics 1.
Fitting models to overall metapopulation dynamics often gave misleading results in terms. There are two main reasons why metapopulation theory is important in conservation biology. Metapopulation is a population in which individuals are spatially distributed in a habitat in two or more subpopulations. A metapopulation is defined as a set of populations occupying discrete habitats patches, where each patch has asynchronous local dynamics. It has been accepted for inclusion in electronic theses and dissertations by an authorized administrator of stars. A practical model of metapopulation dynamics ilkka hanski department of zoology, division of ecology, po box 17 p rautatiekatu, sf00014, university of helsinki, finland summary 1. However, classical metapopulation theory levins, r. A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level. Metapopulation dynamics and the quality of the matrix. From metapopulation dynamics to community structure.
Bubonic plague is widely regarded as a disease of mainly historical importance. Levineb a department of biology, tufts university, medford, ma 02155, usa b department of civil and environmental engineering, tufts university, medford, ma 02155, usa received 2 june 2003. The theory of metapopulation dynamics suggests that when small. Populations of butterflies and coralreef fishes are good examples of metapopulation. We focus on understanding the effects of different forms of uncertainty on the distribution and abundance. Metapopulation, in ecology, a regional group of connected populations of a species. Patch occupancy and potential metapopulation dynamics of three. A model for behavioral regulation of metapopulation dynamics.
Metapopulation dynamics are jointly regulated by local and spatial factors. Empirical and theoretical investigations covers the 1989 proceedings of a metapopulation dynamics workshop held at lammi biological station, helsinki, finland. The metapopulation dynamics of the butterfly melitaea cinxia and the parasitoid cotesia melitaearum in the aland islands from 1995 to 2007. The dynamics of this type of metapopulation in the absence of disease have been. When the chance of extinction is completely independent in each local population, the probability of metapopulation extinction rapidly declines with increasing number of local populations. Spatial occupancy models for predicting metapopulation. Metapopulation dynamics in a broad sense are not restricted to. Metapopulations can be loosely defined as groups of discrete, local populations related by occasional dispersal events. Much theory has been developed on the possible spatial dynamics of metapopulations, but there are very few empirical studies that adequately support or. We show, with a variety of modeling techniques, that matrix.
In our simulation, the population never reaches an equilibrium point, calculated as f 0. Classical metapopulation dynamics in this section we seek to \scale up from the twopatch model developed in the preceding section to consider the dynamics of a population on an arbitrary number of patches. Stars citation bernard, alaina brooke, effects of isolation on metapopulation dynamics. The next step up in complexity is a 1d array of equivalent mhps, which we call a flat landscape. Based on this pondsaspatches view, an amphibian metapopulation might be expected to have the following characteristics. Metapopulation dynamics are then studied by observing interpond migration rates and by using yearly surveys to document patterns of pond occupancy, extinction, and recolonization. Large variations in hiv1 viral load explained by shifting. The longterm persistence may in fact be due to metapopulation dynamics that ensure lowquality, sink fragments remain inhabited. Genstat 5 committee 1993 genstat 5 release 3 reference manual. The system 2 can be reformulated as a system of volterra integral. These factors may affect the dynamics of local populations and of the entire metapopulation differently. Introduction underlying the many refinements and elaborations of metapopulation theory is the fundamental idea that the persistence of species depends on their existence as sets of local populations, largely independent yet interconnected by migration.
Habitat destruction and metapopulation dynamics springerlink. Metapopulation ecology is a key concept in conservation ecology. It is divided into 18 chapters that cover various approaches to spatially structured population and community dynamics. Metapopulation ecology concerns organisms that are dependent upon discrete patches of suitable habitat.
Metapopulation and its applications in conservation biology. Metapopulation theory provides a framework for understanding population persistence in fragmented landscapes and as such has been widely used in conservation biology to inform management of fragmented populations. Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes pnas. Metapopulation dynamics in a broad sense are not restricted to systems with population turnover, extinctions and colonizations, but the concept developed here is based on levinss classic meta population idea with extinctionprone populations in discrete habitat patches. We analyse metapopulation dynamics in terms of an individualbased, stochastic model of a finite metapopulation. Reciprocal metapopulation translocation experiment. The model may be fitted to presenceabsence data from a metapopulation at a dynamic equilibrium between extinctions and colonizations. The model is constructed as a generalized incidence function, which describes how. Written by a world renowned biologist, this volume offers a comprehensive synthesis of current research in this rapidly expanding area of population biology. Metapopulation dynamics are influenced by four kinds of stochasticity table 1. Metapopulation ecology ilkka hanski oxford university. Metapopulation dynamics, abundance, and distribution in a.
Metapopulation dynamics as originally defined by levins consists of the extinction and colonization of. My work on predatorprey metapopulations builds on my earlier research with sharon lawler entomology, ucd demonstrating the feasibility of testing metapopulation theory in laboratory microcosms holyoak and lawler 1996a, 1996b. Finally, we illustrate both the deterministic and the stochastic theories by analyzing the extinction threshold of a large metapopulation of the glanville fritillary butter. Metapopulation dynamics in a broad sense are not restricted to systems with population turnover, extinctions and colonizations, but the concept developed here is based on levinss classic metapopulation idea with extinctionprone populations in discrete habitat patches. Metapopulation ideas play an increasingly important role in landscape ecology and conservation biology. If extinction probabilities are correlated, however, metapopulations with even large numbers of local populations may be susceptible to extinction. The term metapopulation was coined by richard levins in 1969 to describe a model of population dynamics of insect pests in agricultural fields, but the idea has been most broadly applied to species in naturally or artificially fragmented habitats. It is now possible to construct realistic models of infectious disease dynamics for the purposes of understanding globalscale epidemics. In this article, we explore the range of theoretical consequences that result from relaxing this assumption. Nevertheless, a remaining unanswered question is how best to leverage. For a given species, each metapopulation is continually being modified by increases births and immigrations and decreases deaths and emigrations of individuals, as well as by the emergence and dissolution of local populations contained within it. Human activities and natural disasters are the main causes of metapopulation and increase the population that occurs as metapopulatons.
Empirical and theoretical investigations 1st edition. Equations 5 and 6 allow us to simplify the original system by eliminating the x equation. Newly available data sets present an exciting opportunity to investigate how human population movement contributes to the spread of infectious diseases across large geographical distances. The model is constructed as a generalized incidence function, which. An agestructured metapopulation model 419 obviously, xt 0 for all t0withx0 0. Pdf a metapopulation is a spatially structured population that persists over time as a set of local populations with limited dispersal between. Form concepts and observations to predictive models.
Pdf landscape ecology is the study of the effect of spatial pattern on an ecological process. The disease free model has been studied by cornell and ovaskainen 2008 and the. To understand how the initial number of patches occupied in a system affect the local extinction after n years. Metapopulation dynamics guide marine reserve design. Insights for management levins model assumptions all patches identical in size and quality infinite number of patches no spatial structure all patches equally connected no time lags population instantaneous with colonization blinking light model complete spatial asynchrony metapopulationtheory or hypothesis.
Within a given time interval, each subpopulation occupying a habitat patch has a probability of going extinct e. Metapopulation ecology has gained significance as we confront landscapes that are increasingly fragmented. The rapid loss and fragmentation of natural habitats worldwide has spurred an expanding theoretical literature on metapopulation dynamics, which is expected. These declines caused the deterioration of the positive interspecific relation between local population abundance and distributional extent in this community. A metapopulation is a set of local populations within some larger area, where. This volume gives an excellent survey of the field with a careful account of both strengths and weaknesses of the approach. Effects of isolation on metapopulation dynamics in small. Metapopulation theory and concepts are the central paradigm for understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions. To understand the basic concepts and dynamics of metapopulation and population stability with the help of mathematical models.
The experimental fragmentation of landscapes of a natural ecosystem resulted in declines in the abundance and distribution of most species in the multispecies animal community inhabiting the landscapes and the extinction of many species. Metapopulations characteristically demonstrate a turnover of local populations going extinct and becoming reestablished, resulting in a distribution pattern that shifts over time. Notice that the latter two forms of stochasticity are analogous to demographic and environmental stochasticity. Metapopulation dynamics in a broad sense are not restricted to systems with population turnover, extinctions and colonizations, but the concept developed here is based on levinss classic. Unfortunately, it is not feasible to simply add more equations to the existing system of two equations. Pdf a practical model of metapopulation dynamics semantic.
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